If Germany had been able to sustain its successes on the battlefield beyond 1943, and been capable of bringing the war to an end favorable to its own terms, Sweden would have had no choice but to join the new order of Europe, a new order under the domination of Nazi Germany. Although Sweden concluded an alliance with Britain and France, (November 25, 1855), the country did not engage in warfare. As Napoleon I, he was Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814, and again in 1815. During the Napoleonic Wars, Sweden consisted of modern Sweden, Finland and Pomerania on the Baltic Coast of northern Germany. The proposed union was discussed by a joint Scandinavian committee during the winter of 1948–1949, but in the end the Cold War tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and preparations for a western alliance that would result in the North Atlantic Treaty superseded the Scandinavian negotiations. The Battle of Borodino as depicted by Louis Lejeune. However, it maintains strong links to NATO. In 1921, again despite the fact that almost 100 percent of the islands' population was Swedish—and that they expressed a desire of being incorporated into Sweden—the League of Nations decided that the Åland Islands should remain a part of Finland. At the meeting it was agreed that Sweden would accept that Finland was part of Russia in exchange for the Tsar's help in pressuring Denmark to cede Norway to Sweden. direct result of the Napoleonic wars, the British Empire became the foremost world power for the ... Portugal, Russia, Sweden and other states. Great Britain and France fought for European supremacy, and treated weaker powers heavy-handedly. When France occupied Swedish Pomerania and the island of Rügen in 1812, Sweden sought peace with Great Britain. At different times during this period, Great Britain, Austria, Russia, Prussia, Denmark, Sweden, and the Neapolitan Kingdom all waged war against France in various coalitions. Although Bernadotte was only the Crown Prince and technically subservient to King Charles XIII, the King's deteriorating health and disinterest made the Crown Prince the de facto ruler of Sweden. [1] As a result of a 2010 U.S. diplomatic cables leak, it was learned that the United States government had described Sweden's "official security policy" as "non-participation in military alliances during peacetime and neutrality during wartime." The Napoleonic wars pitted France, led by Napoleon Bonaparte, against a number of countries in Europe from 1797 through 1815. After long negotiations, the Treaty of Orebro was signed on 18 July 1812. At this point, only Sweden was at war with France in Germany, and after a short but bloody campaign, the Swedish fortress of Stralsund surrendered on the 24 august 1807 and the French occupied the rest of Swedish Pomerania. The Swedes actually did very little up until 1807 (other than reinforce their holdings in Pomerania). In a year of renewed economic distress and of revolution in France, when the political reform issue was being raised again at public meetings in different parts of Britain, Wellington, the military hero of the Napoleonic Wars who had assumed the premiership in 1828, had not made matters easier for himself by expressing complete confidence in the constitution as it stood. In 1995 Sweden joined the European Union (but declined Eurozone membership) and has since the mid-1990s continued to reduce its armed forces and became involved in more international missions in countries like Bosnia and Afghanistan. However, Sweden's military and government have been involved in major peacekeeping actions and other military support functions around the world. Sandler expressed a desire to defend the Åland Islands from either German or Soviet control, by mining the area around the islands in conjunction with the Finnish government. Between 1793 and 1815, Great Britain (later the United Kingdom) was the most constant of France's enemies.Britain declared war on France in 1803. During the War of the Second Coalition, the French Republic suffered from corruption and internal division under the Directory. During the war, the Swedish army marched from Pomerania to the Netherlands, but won little military glory due to Bernadotte’s unwillningness to risk his army in open battle; the lesson of Gustavus Adolphus IV, who lost his crown in a military coup after a disastrous war, … Battles of the Napoleonic Wars from 1797 to 1815 (other than the Peninsular War) French Flagship L’Orient explodes at the Battle of the Nile on 1st August 1798 in the Napoleonic Wars: picture by Mather Brown. There were also refugees from the Baltic nations and the other Scandinavian countries. The battle was the largest and bloodiest single-day action of the Napoleonic Wars. However, the Swedish government opposed Sandler's proposal, in that it was felt that this would set a precedent for further moves—moves that might provoke an invasion from either Germany, the Soviet Union or both. However, … Since the time of the Napoleonic Wars, Sweden has not initiated any direct armed conflict. get US support. [6], After the end of the Cold War and the fall of the Soviet Union, Sweden dropped its official policy of military neutrality, but continued to behave as a neutral and non-aligned country. On 13 November 1810, France delivered an ultimatum to the Swedish government demanding that within five days Sweden:[citation needed], France and its allies threatened to declare war against Sweden if it did not meet the French demands. As a result of Sweden's defeat in the Finnish War and the Pomeranian War, and the following Treaty of Fredrikshamn and Treaty of Paris, Sweden declared war on Great Britain. The Napoleonic wars pitted France, led by Napoleon Bonaparte, against a number of countries in Europe from 1797 through 1815. Prior to 1809, the Åland Islands were part of Sweden, who was forced to give them up, along with the mainland area of Finland, in the Treaty of Fredrikshamn on September 17, 1809, to Russia. Norway and Denmark subsequently became signatory parties to the North Atlantic Treaty and members of NATO, while Sweden remained neutral. [Ed. Despite the generally accepted title 'Napoleonic Wars' to cover the conflict between France and Britain, when hostilities commenced after the French Revolution Napoleon was an unknown - it was not well into the conflict that Napoleon took power] War War was declared between Great Britain and France on February 1, 1793. Sweden maintained its policy of neutrality after WWII, despite substantial cooperation with the West. This was recognised by the Allied powers at the Congress of Vienna. As part of the military cooperation the U.S. provided much help in the development of the Saab 37 Viggen, as a strong Swedish air force was seen as necessary to keep Soviet anti-submarine aircraft from operating in the missile launch area. They started after the French Revolution ended and Napoleon Bonaparte became powerful in France in November 1799. http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/News-and-Events/Latest-News/2013/July/02/130702-Explorer-Pays-Respects-in-Sweden, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "The Good Plumpuddings' Belief: British Voluntary Aid to Sweden During the Napoleonic Wars", http://blog.svd.se/historia/2012/11/07/hanos-brittiska-historia/, http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/News-and-Events/Latest-News/2013/July/02/130702-Explorer-Pays-Respects-in-Sweden, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Swedish_War_(1810–1812)&oldid=1000751773, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. As the collective security system of the League of Nations started to crack with the Abyssinia crisis, and the approach of World War II, Sweden could look back on 120 years of successful neutralist politics – with one singular exception: the backup force on Jutland during the First war of Schleswig. Sandler strongly opposed the government's policy of strict neutrality, feeling it necessary that the government relax its stringent policy. Prussia would soon forge and dominate Imperial Germany, an unmatchable foe for Sweden—whose relative strength had diminished strikingly since its zenith during the Thirty Years' War. Campaign History: Swedish neutrality refers to Sweden's former policy of neutrality in armed conflicts, which was in effect from the early 19th century, until 2009, when Sweden entered into various mutual defence treaties with the EU, and other Nordic countries. Nevertheless, the Swedish neutrality during World War II has been much debated and challenged later. Nearly all of Denmark's Jewish population was able to escape to Sweden on fishing boats in a coordinated effort by the Danish people and the Swedes who gave them shelter on the other side. The Åland Islands are of extreme strategic importance in the Baltic. Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, Finland and the Baltic States were all members of this club of neutral states. At the same time Swedish defensive planning was completely based on help from abroad in the event of war. This approach continued with the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte and the start of the Napoleonic Wars in 1803. One beneficial consequence of Sweden's neutrality was that Sweden was able to act as a refuge to people from occupied lands. However, Sweden does contribute to various NATO and EU battlegroups and is involved in international organizations. Sweden did not try to hinder this as Britain used the island to continue trading with Sweden. Publicly, the strict neutrality policy was forcefully maintained, but unofficially strong ties were purportedly kept with the U.S. Sweden, for instance, cooperated extensively with U.S. intelligence: "Though officially neutral, Sweden in fact built very close ties to both NATO and the US security establishment in the late 1940s and early 1950s and was deeply involved in cold war spying operations. During the First War of Schleswig, from 1848 to 1851, Swedish troops were located in Jutland[citation needed] as support for Denmark against Prussian-supported rebels; the Swedish regular troops, however, never experienced any combat. Hundreds of Norwegian and Swedish volunteers joined and fought in the Danish army. Lying down was not enough to keep Denmark out of the war. [1] Sweden's previous neutrality policy had originated largely as a result of Sweden's involvement in the Napoleonic Wars during which over a third of the country's territory was lost, including the traumatic loss of Finland to Russia. The return to war required the resumption of the mass enlistment of the previous ten years, especially as fears of a Napoleonic invasion once again intensified. Germany would not have allowed a country to exist on the sidelines in the new order of Europe, and Sweden would have had to abandon its long-cherished policy of neutrality. Swedish neutrality refers to Sweden's former policy of neutrality in armed conflicts, which was in effect from the early 19th century, until 2009, when Sweden entered into various mutual defence treaties with the EU, and other Nordic countries. [2], Initially after the end of World War II, Sweden quietly pursued an aggressive independent nuclear weapons program involving plutonium production and nuclear secrets acquisition from all nuclear powers, until the 1960s, when it was abandoned as cost-prohibitive. For example, a strong ability to defend against an amphibious invasion was maintained, while an ability to strike at inland staging areas was almost completely absent. When a new coalition was formed to represent Sweden's policy of neutrality, in light of the Winter War, Sandler was dropped from the new lineup of ministers. Invasion of Russia 1812. [1] Since Great Britain was Sweden's biggest trade partner this caused economic difficulties, and trade continued to take place through smuggling. [4], http://blog.svd.se/historia/2012/11/07/hanos-brittiska-historia/ This happened when the Treaty of Amiens ended in 1802. The Napoleonic Wars were wars which were fought during the rule of Napoleon Bonaparte over France. The Napoleonic wars pitted France, led by Napoleon Bonaparte, against a number of countries in Europe from 1797 through 1815. The main rivals in this struggle were Great Britain and France. During the early Cold War, this policy was maintained even though Sweden's leaders understood that neutrality would probably fail in a third world war. The elected Crown Prince of Sweden, Danish Prince Charles August, had died on 28 May 1810, and on 21 August 1810, the French marshal general Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte was elected crown prince of Sweden. Also, Sweden's King Gustav V attempted to negotiate with Hitler for a more humane treatment of the Jews. [4] The fact that it was not permissible to mention this aloud eventually led to the Swedish armed forces becoming highly misbalanced. Since the founding of the League of Nations in 1919 and up to the year 1935, Sweden had been a strong supporter of the League and most of Sweden's energy on the international stage had been put into its preservation. This coalition of European powers namely; Britain, Prussia, Austria and Russia fought against Napoleon until the final showdown at the battle of Waterloo when Napoleon himself and the great British army General, Wellesley, for the first and last time came into face to face battle against each other and with the support of the Prussian army under Blucher, and with this combined force they were able to deal a death blow to Napoleon’s … This was the rationale behind Sweden's policy of neutrality until the late 1960s with the advent of second strike capability and nuclear parity. Denmark was still willing to enter into an alliance with Sweden, but the Swedes saw few advantages in this and the proposal failed. Following the brief and uneasy peace formalised in the Treaty of Amiens (1802), Britain resumed war against Napoleonic France in May 1803; hostilities were to continue until the British victory at the battle of Waterloo in 1815. Through their … Sweden was able to move along with the events occurring all around its borders. During the Napoleonic Wars, the United States, Sweden, and Sicily fought against the Barbary pirates in the Mediterranean. War began between the United Kingdom and France in 1803. … In the Klågerup riots, Mörner's soldiers killed 30 farmers.[3]. Once one of the most powerful nation in europe, sweden was a shadow of it's former glory by the time of the napoleonic wars. The fear of the Åland islands falling under German or Soviet influence was very real, and that is why Sandler proposed defending the status of the islands. Coalitions Against France . Sweden was forced to act upon the whims and orders of a belligerent Germany. The accession to the European Union in 1995 meant that neutrality as a principle was abolished. The continued reduction of its own national defence and the question of whether the country really could defend itself against an aggressor has led to some criticism. However, in December 1805, after the battle of Austerlitz, the British and the Russian forces started to evacuate Hanover, leaving only a small Swedish force alone to face the Fr… At different times during this period, Great Britain, Austria, Russia, Prussia, Denmark, Sweden, and the Neapolitan Kingdom all waged war against France in various coalitions. Here goes the reproduction from Wikipedia: See the image in other resolutions here: Europe 1812 map en.png. The Treaty of Tilsit in 1807 resulted in the Anglo-Russian War (1807–12). Germany had considered a Swedish invasion, and with Germany occupying both Norway and Denmark, Germany's ability to attack Sweden was a significant concern. A Scandinavian defence union that would have included Sweden, Norway and Denmark was considered among the three countries after World War II. The only bloodshed during the war occurred on the 15th of June 1811, when Major-General Hampus Mörner with 140 men acted to disperse a group of farmers in Klågerup in Scania who objected to the conscription policy. The main rivals in this struggle were Great Britain and France. The battles fought against the Emperor Napoleon by the British navy and army. Despite Sweden's grievances over failing to gain control of the islands in 1921, all difficulties between Sweden and Finland were resolved by the mid-1930s. Prussia's dominance had made the following forty years peaceful in the Baltic region, and by the outbreak of World War I, neutrality seemed a natural state to many Swedes. The Napoleonic wars were a continuation of the French Revolutionary wars, and during them France, under Napoleon, especially towards the end, stood virtually alone against the rest of Europe. Swedish troops led by Bernadotte took part in the Napoleonic Wars in 1813 and 1814, fighting against France (they had a small role at the Battle of Leipzig) and Denmark. On a regular basis, beginning in 1936, the Swedish government requested increases in its defense budget to strengthen its military preparedness as the international situation continued to worsen. Napoleon had also re-obtained the North American province of Louisiana from Spain in 1800. British Battles. Despite the British naval blockade of Nazi Germany and the official proposed intentions from the Swedish government to maintain political neutrality, Sweden exported iron ore to supply Nazi Germany's war industry via the Norwegian port of Narvik. The fate of the Swedish nation largely rested upon the outcomes of distant battles and the policies of distant governments—events outside the control of Swedish politicians and diplomats. The Napoleonic Wars offer an experiment unique in the history of wartime finance. Sweden also supplied the Nazi German war industry with steel and machined parts throughout the war and provided transportation of armed German reinforcement troops, the 163rd Infantry Division/Division Engelbrecht commanded by General Erwin Engelbrecht, and military equipment through Swedish territory by train from Norway to the eastern front in Finland. The U.S. promised to provide military force in aid of Sweden in case of Soviet aggression. Range and safety considerations made this a good area from which to launch a retaliatory nuclear strike on Moscow. In 1914, however, the Russian government turned the islands into a submarine base for the use of British and Russian submarines during the First World War. [citation needed]. Napoleonic Wars - Napoleonic Wars - Great Britain, France, and the neutrals, 1800–02: The British, in pursuit of their primarily maritime, colonial, and commercial interests in the wars, claimed to have been serving the common cause and had moreover applied their profits to subsidizing the Continental armies, but they had adopted means that offended neutral states and former allies alike. [2], No acts of war occurred during the conflict and Britain was even allowed to station boats in Hanö, thus "occupying" the island. The Franco-Russian Treaty of Tilsit left Britain and Sweden without other allies in the war against France. After the war began, military spending peaked in 1942 at $527,575,000 in one year alone. [7][8], In 2009 Sweden agreed to enter into mutual self-defence treaties with the EU, and with other Nordic countries, thus ending a nearly 200 year long period of official military neutrality. The submarines had to be very close to the Swedish coast to hit their intended targets though. This guarantee was kept from the Swedish public until 1994, when a Swedish research commission found evidence for it. However, in 1812, with Napoleon starting a campaign against Russia and Emperor Alexander, the Emperor was in need of allies, and so met with the Swedish king in Åbo. During the Napoleonic Wars until 1810, Sweden and Great Britain were allies in the war against Napoleon. With the increased need of an expanded military, Swedish industry was required to not only supply the increased demand for domestic products, exacerbated by the German blockade of the North Sea, but also had to meet an increased demand in military armaments for the Swedish government. The Napoleonic wars pitted France, led by Napoleon Bonaparte, against a number of countries in Europe from 1797 through 1815. Sweden now pursued a policy of forging a block of neutralist countries in Northern Europe. The United States attempted to remain neutral during the Napoleonic period, but eventually became … The aim of the policy was to avoid the violent initial nuclear exchange between the superpowers. Causes of the French Revolution . Before the war, production of armaments did not exceed more than tens of millions of Swedish kronor, but during the war, production exceeded the cost of one billion Swedish kronor ($240,000,000). Later research has shown that every publicly available war-game training, included the scenario that Sweden was under attack from the Soviets, would rely on NATO forces for defence. During this time, U.S. and French negotiators were concluding negotiations to end the Quasi-War with France. With the Treaty of Paris of April 18, 1856, at the conclusion of the Crimean War, Russia was required to stop the construction of any new fortifications on the islands, which Russia obeyed, despite unsuccessfully attempting to change the status of the islands in 1908. Disciplinary power: Text and body in the Swedish NATO debate. Although feelings of cultural and scientific kinship with the German Empire were strong in Sweden, mercantile and personal ties with Britain and France were strong as well. Weakened by failed campaigns in Spain and Russia, France was eventually overcome in 1814 and 1815. Thus Sweden came to fight its third war of the Napoleonic Wars, against France, alongside Austria, Great Britain, Prussia and Russia in 1813 - 1814. Voices for neutrality dominated the public debate, but Queen Victoria and some conservatives were strong advocates for entrance in the war on the German side, and the government's policy had a clear pro-German bias. In December 1917, the Finnish government proclaimed that Finland was a sovereign state and a dispute over whether the islands belonged to Sweden or Finland ensued. As a consequence of this, in 1960, the same year that the submarines were first deployed, the U.S. provided Sweden with a military security guarantee. Nazi Germany's war industry's dependence on Swedish iron ore shipments was the primary reason for Great Britain and their allies to launch their Operation Wilfred and the Norwegian Campaign in early April 1940. When the Bourbon monarchy in France was executed, Gustavus IV of Sweden joined forces with Russia and Britain. After Napoleon's surrender and exile to the island of Elba, peace appeared to have returned, but when he escaped back into France in 1815, the British and their … The British invasion of Norway and Germany's counter-attack on, and occupation of both Norway and Denmark, coupled with the fact that Finland was battling the Soviets, made Sweden's position extremely tenuous, in that countries on both sides of the European conflict were poised on Sweden's borders and could potentially strike at any moment. In 1916, the pro-German policy was abandoned, having resulted in famine, rebellious opinions, and no tangible advantages. When it became known that the western alliance's own pressing needs would prevent them from supplying the Scandinavian countries with armaments, Norway, wanting access to those arms, decided that it would be more advantageous to be a member of NATO and resigned from the talks. Sweden's ability to maintain its policy of neutrality until the war's end was due in large part to luck, since events out of its control played the largest part in the fate of Sweden's policy of neutrality. Most notable among these were Raoul Wallenberg and Count Folke Bernadotte, who saved over 100,000 European Jews from the concentration camps. Once again, the conviction that strict neutrality was most suitable for Sweden dominated Swedish society. The policy of 1812 was in sharp contrast to Sweden's previous foreign policy, during which Sweden had been involved in many conflicts, especially with its arch enemy, Russia. On 21 February 1808, Russia joined the war against Sweden by invading Finland and on 14 March the same year, Denmark-Norway also declared war on Sweden. Under Bernadotte's rule, Sweden's relationship with Napoleonic France deteriorated. "Björklund vill ha starkare försvar - rapport", "Fullt bråk om försvarspolitiken - Rapport", "More Swedes are for joining NATO than against - Radio Sweden", "NSA "asking for" specific exchanges from FRA - Secret treaty since 1954", "Read the Snowden Documents From the NSA", "Cold War treaty confirms Sweden was not neutral", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swedish_neutrality&oldid=998431599, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from January 2009, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2007, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from March 2014, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Sweden updated the NSA on changes in domestic, Since January 2013, a counterterrorism analyst of the NSA has been stationed in the Swedish capital of, This page was last edited on 5 January 2021, at 10:14. It was initially believed that the Swedish government had dropped Sandler due to his outspoken comments on the government's policies, and the German press' allegations that Sandler was pro-British; however, in reality it was Sandler who requested permission to retire from the Swedish cabinet, because the government did not represent Sandler's anti-neutral views. Finnish children were evacuated and placed with families in Sweden. [10] All of the political parties that are part of the right-of-centre coalition favor full NATO membership.[11]. The period known as the Hundred Days began after Napoleon escaped from Elba and landed at Cannes (1 March 1815). Also, Sweden's neutral stance allowed Swedish diplomats access to Germany, allowing for espionage which benefited the Swedish intelligence as well as the Allies. [by whom?] [citation needed], Had the war continued for a longer period of time, Germany or the Allies might have had no choice but to invade Sweden in order to thwart enemy advances. In the beginning of November 1805, a combined British, Russian and Swedish force of about 12,000 men were sent from Swedish Pomerania to liberate French-held Hanover. The neutralist stance was reinforced when Denmark and Norway remained neutral. The offensive against Hanover was repeatedly delayed because of Prussia's partial reluctance that the Swedes and the Russians moved troops through Prussian territory. In return Swedish scientists at the Royal Institute of Technology made considerable contributions to enhancing the targeting performance of the Polaris missiles. The actual military budget from 1936 to 1939 increased many times over. In an alleged internal document dating from the year 2006, the U.S. National Security Agency acknowledged that its "relationship" with Sweden is "protected at the Top Secret level because of that nation’s political neutrality. Organized but politically less influential were the Social Democrats, antimilitarists and opposed to the war. work with American Indians. Opinion was split between Conservatives, with sympathies for Germany, and Liberals, with more mixed sympathies. Opposition to this new policy of armed neutrality was weak in that all major parties, such as the Conservatives, Agrarians and Liberal People's Party, supported the government's position. On the same day and at the same place, Britain and Russia signed a peace treaty to end the Anglo–Russian War (1807–1812). After 40 years of successful trust-building with Russia, Sweden took no serious policy risks in the Crimean War, despite the possibility of a revision of the harsh peace of 1809. In 1936, military spending was $37,000,000; 1937, $50,000,000; 1938, $58,575,000; and in 1939 it was at $322,325,000. "[3], It was hoped that the U.S. would use conventional and nuclear weapons to strike at Soviet staging areas in the occupied Baltic states in case of a Soviet attack on Sweden. avoid further wars. The Seventh Coalition (1815) pitted Britain, Russia, Prussia, Sweden, Switzerland, Austria, the Netherlands and several German states against France. Sweden is still today a neutral and non-aligned country in regard to foreign and security policy. [9] From March–October 2011, Sweden was a participant in the NATO-led international contingent in the War in Libya. 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